Algorithm Validations

For information on QUAD (formerly AIM) and non-QUAD algorithm validations, please visit our validation page.

Publications about QUAD algorithms

QUAD has produced a large number of manuscripts, abstracts, and book chapters over the past 15 years. In addition, many independent researchers have reported on various aspects of our quantitative techniques. We are in the process of collecting and categorizing all pertinent references, but in the meantime we have summarized the most relevant publications. Please come back at a later date for an exhaustive, categorized list. 

  • QGS+QPS — Quantitative Gated SPECT + Quantitative Perfusion SPECT
  • QBS — Quantitative Blood Pool SPECT
  • Companion — Diastolic function, Eccentricity
  • PlusPack — Motion frozen, Prone/Supine, Serial change, Phase analysis, Shape index
  • Suite 2010 — Quality score, Registration
  • QPET — Quantitative PET (incl. coronary flow reserve)
  • Fusion/CT — Multi-modality fusion, CTA coronaries
  • MoCo — Motion Correction
  • ARG — Automated Report Generation

JACC — Articles from the Journal of the American College of Cardiology are reprinted by permission of Elsevier.

JNM — Articles from the Journal of Nuclear Medicine are reprinted by permission of the Society of Nuclear Medicine.

JNC — Due to copyright restrictions, most articles from the Journal of Nuclear Cardiology are not available in full. We apologize for this inconvenience while we work on a solution. Currently, only the first page of those published manuscripts is available.

QGS+QPS Publications

  • Main contouring algorithm
    Germano G, Kiat H, et al. Automatic Quantification of Ejection Fraction from Gated Myocardial Perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Med 1995; 36(11):2138-2147.   PDF (Source)
    Germano G, Erel J, et al. Quantitative LVEF and Qualitative Regional Function from Gated Thallium-201 Perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Med 1997; 38(5):749-754.   PDF (Source)
    Germano G, Kavanagh P, et al. A New Algorithm for the Quantitation of Myocardial Perfusion SPECT. I: Technical Principles and Reproducibility. J Nucl Med 2000; 41(4):712-719.   PDF (Source)
    Sharir T, Germano G, et al. A New Algorithm for the Quantitation of Myocardial Perfusion SPECT. II: Validation and Diagnostic Yield. J Nucl Med 2000; 41(4):720-727.   PDF (Source)
  • Motion / Thickening algorithm
    Germano G, Erel J, et al. Automatic Quantitation of Regional Myocardial Wall Motion and Thickening From Gated Technetium-99m Sestamibi Myocardial Perfusion Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30(5):1360-1367.   PDF
  • Perfusion normal Limits (PFQ)
    Slomka P, Nishina H, et al. Automated quantification of myocardial perfusion using simplified normal limits. J Nucl Cardiol 2005; 12:66-77.   PDF

QBS Publications

  • Main algorithm
Van Kriekinge S, Berman D, et al. Automatic quantification of left ventricular ejection fraction from gated blood pool SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol 1999; 6(5):498-506   PDF
Daou D, Van Kriekinge S, et al. Automatic quantification of right ventricular function with gated blood pool SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol 2004; 11(3): 293-304   PDF

"Companion" Publications

  • Diastolic Function
    Akincioglu C, Berman D, et al. Assessment of Diastolic Function Using 16-Frame 99mTc-Sestamibi Gated Myocardial Perfusion SPECT: Normal Values. J Nucl Med 2005; 46: 1102-1108   PDF (Source)
    Nakajima N, Taki J, et al. Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis Detected by Gated Myocardial Perfusion SPECT: An Early Sign of Cardiac Involvement. J Nucl Med 2001; 42(2):183-188   PDF (Source)
  • Eccentricity
    Germano G, Kavanagh P, et al. Quantitation in gated perfusion SPECT imaging: The Cedars-Sinai approach. J Nucl Cardiol 2007;14:433-453   PDF

"PlusPack" Publications

  • Motion-Frozen algorithm
    Slomka P, Nishina H, et al. “Motion-Frozen” Display and Quantification of Myocardial Perfusion. J Nucl Med 2004; 45(7):1128 –1134.   PDF (Source)
  • Prone/Supine algorithm
    Nishina H, Slomka P, et al. Combined Supine and Prone Quantitative Myocardial Perfusion SPECT: Method Development and Clinical Validation in Patients with no Known Coronary Artery Disease. J Nucl Med 2006; 47(1):51–58.   PDF (Source)
  • Stress / Rest registration (serial change) algorithm
    Slomka P, Nishina H, et al. Automatic Quantification of Myocardial Perfusion Stress-Rest Change: A New Measure of Ischemia. J Nucl Med 2004; 45(2):183-191.   PDF (Source)
    Slomka P, Berman D, et al. Quantification of Serial Changes in Myocardial Perfusion. J Nucl Med 2004; 45(12):1978-1980.   PDF (Source)
  • Shape Index algorithm
    Abidov A, Slomka P, et al. Left ventricular shape index assessed by gated stress myocardial perfusion SPECT: Initial description of a new variable. J Nucl Cardiol 2006; 13(5):652–659.   PDF
  • Phase Analysis
    Van Kriekinge S, Nishina H, et al. Automatic Global and Regional Phase Analysis from Gated Myocardial Perfusion SPECT Imaging: Application to the Characterization of Ventricular Contraction in Patients with Left Bundle Branch Block. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:1790-1797   PDF (Source)
    Boogers M, Van Kriekinge S, et al. Quantitative Gated SPECT-Derived Phase Analysis on Gated Myocardial Perfusion SPECT Detects Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony and Predicts Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:718-725   PDF (Source)

"Suite 2010" Publications

  • Quality Score
    Xu Y, Kavanagh P, et al. Automated Quality Control for Segmentation of Myocardial Perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:1418-1426   PDF (Source)
  • Automatic Registration
    Slomka P, Cheng V, et al. Quantitative Analysis of Myocardial Perfusion SPECT Anatomically Guided by Coregistered 64-SliceCoronary CT Angiography. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:1621-1630   PDF (Source)

QPET Publications

  • Compartmental models
    deKemp RA, Declerck J, et al. Multisoftware Reproducibility Study of Stress and Rest Myocardial Blood Flow Assessed with 3D Dynamic PET/CT and a 1-Tissue-Compartment Model of 82Rb Kinetics. J Nucl Med 2013; 54(4):571–577   PDF (Source)
    Slomka PJ, Alexanderson E, et al. Comparison of Clinical Tools for Measurements of Regional Stress and Rest Myocardial Blood Flow Assessed with 13N-Ammonia PET/CT. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:171–181   PDF (Source)
    Yoshida K, Mullani N, et al. Coronary flow and flow reserve by PET simplified for clinical applications using rubidium-82 or nitrogen-13-ammonia. J Nucl Med 1996;37(10):1701-1712   PDF (Source)
    Coxson PG, Brennan KM, et al. Variability and reproducibility of rubidium-82 kinetic parameters in the myocardium of the anesthetized canine. J Nucl Med 1995;36(2):287-296   PDF (Source)
  • Viability
    • to be added

FUSION/CT Publications

  • Image Fusion
Slomka P. Software Approach to Merging Molecular with Anatomic Information. J Nucl Med 2004;45(1):36S-45S   PDF (Source)

Motion Correction Publications

  • Quality Score
Matsumoto, N, Berman D, et al. Quantitative assessment of motion artifacts and validation of a new motion-correction program for myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Med 2001; 42(5):687-694   PDF (Source)

ARG Publications

  • Main algorithm
Germano G, Kavanagh P, et al. Quantitation in gated perfusion SPECT imaging: The Cedars-Sinai approach. J Nucl Cardiol 2007;14:433-453   PDF

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